The Moon is about to have a nuclear reactor.

Nuclear reactors are tasked with ensuring energy for future missions. Photo: NASA .

The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) has just released a document guiding federal agencies in developing a roadmap for nuclear and space technology.

Accordingly, the US aims to put a medium-power nuclear reactor into orbit by 2028 and a large reactor operating on the surface of the Moon by 2030. NASA, the Department of Defense , and the Department of Energy will cooperate to achieve this.

"It's time for America to embark on developing nuclear power in space," wrote Jared Isaacman, NASA Administrator, on X.

"Nuclear power in space will provide a stable source of electricity, heating, and propulsion—essential elements for a long-term presence on the Moon, Mars, and beyond," the OSTP office wrote.

The reason solar energy is insufficient for long-term missions is very specific. One night on the Moon is equivalent to about 14 days on Earth. During that time, solar panels are inactive and require storage in a massive battery. Nuclear reactors generate energy continuously for years through fission reactions, independent of light or temperature.

In addition to providing power to the base, this technology also allows for the development of nuclear-powered propulsion systems, enabling spacecraft to perform long and complex missions without worrying about running out of chemical fuel.

In terms of specifications, the reactors must produce at least 20 kilowatts of electricity for three years in orbit and at least five years on the lunar surface. The design must be capable of scaling up to 100 kilowatts and must have a modular, easily expandable structure. The U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for securing fuel, infrastructure, and safety features, as well as assessing the feasibility of producing up to four reactors within five years. The first designs are expected to be completed within one year.

The geopolitical context is a crucial driving factor. In March 2024, China and Russia announced joint plans to build a nuclear power plant on the Moon. Unlike the US, neither has signed the Artemis Accords. NASA Administrator Sean Duffy has warned that whichever nation places the reactor first could declare a no-go zone, seriously hindering subsequent nations. The White House calls this plan a step to secure "American space dominance."

Regarding the division of responsibilities, NASA and the Pentagon will jointly develop the technology through a competitive bidding process. The OSTP is tasked with developing a detailed roadmap, identifying technical hurdles, and recommending solutions. The reactors are designed to serve two purposes: sustaining life on a future lunar base and providing propulsion for further exploration missions into space, including manned missions to Mars.