In fact, in Vietnam, data from Our World in Data (based on research by Browne et al.) shows that approximately 74% of children under 5 years old with lower respiratory tract infections are treated with antibiotics.

Even if it's a necessary medical intervention, the use of antibiotics can disrupt the gut microbiome, depleting important beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria that are in the process of forming.

In addition, according to the General Statistics Office, the rate of cesarean sections in Vietnam is also trending upwards, reaching 34.4% of the total number of births in 2021. Babies born via cesarean section do not go through the natural birth canal, and therefore may miss the opportunity for initial contact with the mother's microbiome.