Lipstick is primarily made from three main ingredients: wax, oil, and colorants. Depending on the content and origin of these ingredients, lipsticks can have different colors, textures, and levels of safety.
Lipstick is a widely used cosmetic product.
Wax
This is the component that gives lipstick its hardness. Some common waxes used in lipsticks include beeswax, carnauba wax, candelila wax, and lanolin, as well as hydrocarbons such as paraffin and ozokerite.
Oil
Oils serve to moisturize, smooth, and dissolve colorants or other solvents in lipstick. The most commonly used oil in lipstick production is castor oil. Other oils include grapeseed oil, almond oil, palm oil, olive oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, loulin, Ionolin, IPM, IPP, mineral oil, and vegetable oil.
Coloring agents
Colorants are used to give lipstick its color and are divided into two types: inorganic colorants and organic colorants.
Commonly used inorganic pigments such as iron oxide, TiO2, ZnO, and pearl powder are insoluble, therefore appropriate preparation techniques are required to ensure even dispersion of the pigment.
Organic pigments like beetroot red, anthocyanins, and lactoflavin are soluble and easily dispersed, but they can cause smudging. Therefore, they are often combined to create lipsticks that don't smudge and provide even color.
Besides the three main ingredients, some lipsticks also contain the following additional ingredients:
Currently, the market offers a wide variety of colors and types of lipstick.
Preservatives
Cosmetics always require preservatives. These substances help maintain the shelf life of lipstick because the ingredients will oxidize over time. On average, a lipstick can only be used for one year; with the addition of preservatives and antioxidants, it can be used for much longer.
Antioxidants
Antioxidants are added to prevent the oil and wax components from becoming rancid. Some common antioxidants include vitamin E (tocopherol), BHA, and BHT.
Fragrance
Artificial fragrances are often used to mask the scent of the chemical components in oils, waxes, and colorants found in lipsticks. Those who frequently experience dry, chapped lips should limit the use of scented lipsticks as they can cause skin irritation.
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