Pigeons' surprising 'GPS tracking'

Recent research from German scientists shows that immune cells in the livers of pigeons help these birds orient themselves while flying.

A pigeon wearing a tracking tag in Konstanz, Germany - Photo: AP

Scientists have long debated how pigeons travel hundreds of kilometers each day without getting lost. Many theories suggest they detect magnetic signals using light-sensitive molecules in their eyes, beaks, or inner ears.

In a new study shared by the Associated Press on May 29, scientist Martin Wilkeski of the Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior (Germany) and his colleagues searched for magnetic signals in the organs of pigeons and found that the strongest signal was located in the liver.

Specifically, specialized immune cells in the liver of pigeons are responsible for breaking down red blood cells and storing iron. When scientists experimented by temporarily removing these immune cells and then releasing the pigeons to fly, the birds were found to be "completely unable to find their way." This suggests that iron-rich liver cells play a crucial role in their navigation.

The study also noted that the pigeon's magnetic compass is only disrupted on overcast, cloudy days. This is because these birds also use the sun for navigation.

Dr. Clivia Lisowski, co-author of the study from the University of Bonn (Germany), said these immune cells are located near nerve fibers in the liver. This may be the pathway that helps them transmit "magnetic field sensations" to the brain to help pigeons navigate.

Researchers believe that other birds and animals such as mice may also operate a similar "GPS navigation system." However, behavioral ecologist Albert Kao from the University of Massachusetts Boston (USA) and other independent experts note that more research is needed to definitively verify how these signals are transmitted to the brain. Similar iron-containing immune cells have also been found in other areas including the beak and spleen.

In an editorial, veterinarian Simon Spiro and biologist Hal Drakesmith noted that birds may use different magnetic sensing techniques depending on their needs, whether for long-distance travel or finding a specific destination.

HUMANITY

Source: https://tuoitre.vn/bat-ngo-voi-dinh-vi-gps-cua-bo-cau-20260530141805862.htm