Article 4 of the 2013 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam defines the role of the Communist Party of Vietnam as follows: "The Communist Party of Vietnam – the vanguard of the working class, and at the same time the vanguard of the working people and of the Vietnamese nation, faithfully representing the interests of the working class, the working people and the entire nation, taking Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought as its ideological foundation, is the leading force of the State and society."
The Communist Party of Vietnam is closely connected with the people, serves the people, is subject to the people's supervision, and is accountable to the people for its decisions.
"Party organizations and members of the Communist Party of Vietnam operate within the framework of the Constitution and laws."
I. THE COMMUNIST PARTY
(Website of the Communist Party of Vietnam: https://dangcongsan.vn ; Website of Nhan Dan Newspaper: https://nhandan.vn )
In fact, from its founding in 1930 to the present day, the Communist Party of Vietnam has organized and led society to achieve all the victories of the Vietnamese nation. In 1945, the Communist Party of Vietnam led the people in the August Revolution, ending the yoke of French colonialism and establishing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (the Socialist Republic of Vietnam today). In 1954, after nine years of leading the victorious resistance war against French aggression, the Party gained administrative control over half of Vietnam. From 1954 to 1975, the Communist Party of Vietnam led the cause of building a new regime in the North, waged the resistance war against American aggression nationwide, and completely liberated the South in 1975, unifying the country in 1976. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam initiated and led the Doi Moi (Renovation) process, achieving many great successes. After 10 years, it lifted the country out of the economic and social crisis and entered a new period of accelerated industrialization and modernization.
The Communist Party of Vietnam is organized according to the principle of democratic centralism. The highest power body is the National Congress, held every five years. The Congress elects the Central Committee. The Central Committee elects the Politburo and the General Secretary. Previously, the highest position in the Party was the Party Chairman (held by President Ho Chi Minh). The first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam was Comrade Tran Phu. The current General Secretary (14th term) is Comrade To Lam. Any Vietnamese citizen who voluntarily joins the Communist Party of Vietnam and is deemed qualified by the Party organization will be admitted in a ceremony. However, the new Party member must undergo a probationary period, at least one year, before having the right to vote, elect, and run for office within the Party. The Communist Party of Vietnam has held 14 National Congresses. The 14th National Congress will take place in January 2026. Currently, the Party has over 5.3 million members.
II. THE STATE SYSTEM:
1. Parliament:
(National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Electronic Information Portal: http://quochoi.vn )
The National Assembly is the highest representative body of the people, the highest organ of state power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
The National Assembly exercises constitutional and legislative powers, decides on important national issues, and exercises supreme oversight over the activities of the State.
a) Duties and responsibilities:
Article 70 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates that the National Assembly has the following duties and powers:
1. Drafting and amending the Constitution; drafting and amending laws;
2. To exercise supreme oversight over compliance with the Constitution, laws, and resolutions of the National Assembly; to review reports on the work of the President, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Government, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuracy, the National Election Council, the State Audit Office, and other agencies established by the National Assembly;
3. Deciding on the basic goals, targets, policies, and tasks for the socio-economic development of the country;
4. Fundamental policy decisions regarding National finance and currency; regulation, amendment, or abolition of taxes; decision on the allocation of revenue and expenditure between the central and local budgets; determination of safe limits for national debt, public debt, and government debt; decision on budget estimates. State budget and central budget allocation, approval of state budget final accounts;
5. Decisions on the State's ethnic and religious policies;
6. Regulations governing the organization and operation of the National Assembly, the President, the Government, the People's Courts, the People's Procuracy, the National Election Council, the State Audit Office, local governments, and other agencies established by the National Assembly;
7. Elect, dismiss, and remove from office the President, Vice President, Speaker of the National Assembly, Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly, members of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, Chairman of the National Ethnic Council, Chairmen of National Assembly Committees, Prime Minister, Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court, Prosecutor General of the Supreme People's Procuracy, Chairman of the National Election Council, Auditor General, and heads of other agencies established by the National Assembly; approve proposals for the appointment, dismissal, and removal from office of Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and other members of the Government, and Judges of the Supreme People's Court; approve the list of members of the National Defense and Security Council and the National Election Council.
After being elected, the President, the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court must take an oath of allegiance to the Fatherland, the People, and the Constitution;
8. A vote of confidence for a person holding an office elected or approved by the National Assembly;
9. Decisions on the establishment and abolition of ministries and ministerial-level agencies of the Government; establishment and dissolution of ... Merging, dividing, and adjusting the administrative boundaries of provinces, centrally-administered cities, and special administrative-economic units; establishing and abolishing other agencies as prescribed by the Constitution and laws;
10. Repeal documents issued by the President, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Government, the Prime Minister, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy that are contrary to the Constitution, laws, and resolutions of the National Assembly;
11. Decision on general amnesty;
12. Regulations on ranks and grades in the People's Armed Forces, diplomatic ranks and grades, and other state ranks and grades; regulations on state medals, decorations, and honorary titles;
13. Deciding on issues of war and peace; regulating states of emergency and other special measures to ensure national defense and security;
14. Deciding on fundamental foreign policy; approving, deciding on accession to, or termination of, foreign policy. international treaties relating to War, peace, national sovereignty, membership of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in important international and regional organizations, international treaties on human rights, fundamental rights and obligations of citizens and Other international treaties that contradict laws and resolutions of the National Assembly;
15. Decision to hold a referendum.
b) Term of the National Assembly:
Article 71 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates that the term of each National Assembly is five years.
Sixty days before the end of the current National Assembly's term, the new National Assembly must be elected.
In exceptional circumstances, if at least two-thirds of the total number of National Assembly deputies vote in favor, the National Assembly may decide to shorten or extend its term of office upon the proposal of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. The extension of a National Assembly term shall not exceed twelve months, except in exceptional cases. war.
Article 83 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates: The National Assembly convenes in public. If necessary, at the request of the President, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, or at least one-third of the total number of National Assembly deputies, the National Assembly may decide to hold a closed session.
The National Assembly meets twice a year. An extraordinary session of the National Assembly may be convened at the request of the President, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, or at least one-third of the total number of National Assembly deputies. The Standing Committee of the National Assembly convenes the National Assembly session.
c) Members of the National Assembly: Must be Vietnamese citizens, 21 years of age or older, possessing the necessary qualities, qualifications, and abilities, and elected by the voters.
Members of the National Assembly represent the will and aspirations of the people in their respective constituencies. of the people of the whole country .
Members of the National Assembly maintain close contact with their constituents and are subject to their supervision; they truthfully collect and reflect the opinions and aspirations of their constituents to the National Assembly and relevant agencies and organizations; they regularly meet with and report to their constituents on their activities and those of the National Assembly; they respond to requests and suggestions from their constituents; they monitor and expedite the resolution of complaints and denunciations; and they guide and assist in the exercise of their right to complain and denounce.
Members of Parliament disseminate information and encourage the people to implement the Constitution and laws.
Members of the National Assembly have the right to submit proposals on laws, ordinances, and draft laws and ordinances to the National Assembly and the Standing Committee of the National Assembly.
Members of the National Assembly have the right to question the President, the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, Ministers and other members of the Government, the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court, the Prosecutor General of the Supreme People's Procuracy, and the State Auditor General.
d) Speaker and Vice-Speaker of the National Assembly: These are members of the National Assembly elected by the National Assembly at the first session of each term.
The Speaker of the National Assembly presides over the sessions of the National Assembly; signs and certifies the Constitution, laws, and resolutions of the National Assembly; leads the work of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly; organizes and implements the foreign relations of the National Assembly; and maintains relations with National Assembly deputies.
The Vice-Chairmen of the National Assembly assist the Chairman of the National Assembly in performing their duties as assigned by the Chairman of the National Assembly.
e) Standing Committee of the National Assembly: Article 73 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates that the Standing Committee of the National Assembly is the permanent body of the National Assembly.
The Standing Committee of the National Assembly consists of the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly, and its members.
The number of members of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly is decided by the National Assembly. Members of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly cannot simultaneously be members of the Government.
The Standing Committee of the National Assembly of each term performs its duties and powers until the new National Assembly is elected. Standing Committee of the National Assembly.
Duties and responsibilities:
Article 74 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates that the Standing Committee of the National Assembly has the following duties and powers:
1. Organizing the preparation, convening, and presiding over sessions of the National Assembly;
2. To issue decrees on matters assigned by the National Assembly ; Explain the Constitution, laws, and ordinances;
3. Supervising the implementation of the Constitution, laws, resolutions of the National Assembly, ordinances, and resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly; supervising the activities of the Government, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuracy, the State Audit Office, and other agencies established by the National Assembly;
4. Suspend the implementation of documents issued by the Government, the Prime Minister, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy that are contrary to the Constitution, laws, and resolutions of the National Assembly, and submit them to the National Assembly for decision on their annulment at the nearest session; annul documents issued by the Government, the Prime Minister, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy that are contrary to ordinances and resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly;
5. Directing, coordinating, and harmonizing the activities of the National Assembly's Ethnic Council and Committees; guiding and ensuring the working conditions of National Assembly deputies;
6. Propose to the National Assembly the election, dismissal, and removal of the President, the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Vice-Chairmen of the National Assembly, members of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Chairman of the National Ethnic Council, the Chairmen of the Committees of the National Assembly, the Chairman of the National Election Council, and the Auditor General;
7. Supervise and guide the activities of the People's Councils; annul resolutions of the People's Councils of provinces and centrally-administered cities that are contrary to the Constitution, laws, and documents of superior state agencies; dissolve the People's Councils of provinces and centrally-administered cities in cases where such People's Councils cause serious harm to the interests of the people;
8. Decisions on establishment and dissolution, Merging, dividing, and adjusting the boundaries of administrative units below the provincial and centrally-administered city levels;
9. Decide on declaring a state of war in cases where the National Assembly cannot convene and report to the National Assembly for a decision at the nearest session;
10. Deciding on general mobilization or partial mobilization; declaring or revoking a state of emergency nationwide or in specific localities;
11. Conducting the National Assembly's foreign relations;
12. Approve proposals for the appointment and dismissal of ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam;
13. Organize a referendum as decided by the National Assembly.
To fulfill its duties and powers, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly assigns the National Council, the Committees of the National Assembly, and the Office of the National Assembly to prepare issues for submission to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly for consideration and decision.
g) The National Assembly's Council of Ethnic Minorities and Committees include : the Law Committee; the Judiciary Committee; the Economic Committee; the Finance and Budget Committee; the Defense and Security Committee; the Culture, Education, Youth and Children Committee; the Social Affairs Committee; the Science, Technology and Environment Committee; and the Foreign Affairs Committee.
2. President of the Republic:
Article 86 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates: The President is the head of state, representing the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in domestic and foreign affairs.
The President is elected by the National Assembly from among its members. The President is accountable to and reports to the National Assembly.
a) Duties and responsibilities:
Article 88 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates that the President of the Republic has the following duties and powers:
1. Promulgate the Constitution, laws, and ordinances; propose to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly to reconsider an ordinance within ten days from the date of its adoption, if that ordinance is still approved by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. If the President agrees but still disagrees, the President shall submit the matter to the National Assembly for decision at the nearest session;
2. Propose to the National Assembly the election, dismissal, and removal of the Vice President and the Prime Minister; based on the National Assembly's resolution, appoint, dismiss, and remove from office the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers, and other members of the Government;
3. Propose to the National Assembly the election, dismissal, and removal of the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court and the Prosecutor General of the Supreme People's Procuracy; based on the National Assembly's resolution, appoint, dismiss, and remove judges of the Supreme People's Court; appoint, dismiss, and remove deputy chief justices of the Supreme People's Court, judges of other courts, deputy prosecutors, and prosecutors of the Supreme People's Procuracy; decide on pardons; based on the National Assembly's resolution, announce general amnesties;
4. Decisions on awarding medals, decorations, state prizes, and state honorary titles; decisions on granting, revoking, restoring, or stripping Vietnamese citizenship;
5. Commander-in-Chief of the People's Armed Forces, Chairman of the National Defense and Security Council; decides on the conferment, promotion, demotion, and revocation of military ranks of generals, rear admirals, vice admirals, and admirals of the navy; appoints, dismisses, and removes from office the Chief of the General Staff and the Head of the General Political Department of the Vietnam People's Army; based on resolutions of the National Assembly or the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, announces and revokes decisions declaring a state of war; based on resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, orders general mobilization or partial mobilization, announces and revokes a state of emergency; in cases where the Standing Committee of the National Assembly cannot convene, announces and revokes a state of emergency nationwide or in specific localities;
6. Receiving foreign ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary; based on resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, appointing and dismissing them; making decisions. Appointing and recalling ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; conferring the rank and grade of ambassadors; making decisions. Negotiating and signing international treaties on behalf of the State; submitting to the National Assembly for ratification, deciding on accession to or termination of international treaties as stipulated in Clause 14 of Article 70; deciding on ratification, accession to, or termination of other international treaties on behalf of the State.
b) Term of office:
The term of office of the President of the Republic coincides with the term of the National Assembly. When the National Assembly's term ends, the President continues to serve until a new National Assembly is elected. President of the country.
c) Assisting the President are: the Vice President, the National Defense and Security Council, and the Office of the President.
The Vice President is elected by the National Assembly from among its members. The Vice President assists the President in performing his duties and may be authorized by the President to act on his behalf in certain tasks.
The National Defense and Security Council consists of a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and members. The list of members of the National Defense and Security Council is submitted by the President to the National Assembly for approval.
The National Defense and Security Council operates collectively and makes decisions by majority vote.
The National Defense and Security Council submits to the National Assembly for decision the state of war; if the National Assembly cannot convene, it submits to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly for decision; mobilizes all forces and capabilities of the country to defend the Fatherland; carries out special tasks and powers assigned by the National Assembly in the event of war; and decides on the participation of the people's armed forces in activities contributing to the protection of peace in the region and the world.
3. The Government:
Article 94 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates: The Government is the highest state administrative body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, exercising executive power and acting as the executive body of the National Assembly.
The government is accountable to the National Assembly and reports on its work to the National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, and the President.
a) Duties and responsibilities:
Article 96 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates that the Government has the following duties and powers:
1. To organize the implementation of the Constitution, laws, resolutions of the National Assembly, ordinances, resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, orders, and decisions of the President;
2. Propose and formulate policies to be submitted to the National Assembly and the Standing Committee of the National Assembly for decision, or make decisions within their authority to fulfill the duties and powers stipulated in this Article; submit draft laws, draft state budgets, and other projects to the National Assembly; submit draft ordinances to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly;
3. Unified management of the economy, culture, society, education, health, science, technology, environment, information, communication, foreign affairs, national defense, national security, public order, and social safety; implementation of general or partial mobilization orders, orders declaring a state of emergency, and other necessary measures to protect the Fatherland and ensure the lives and property of the people;
4. Submitting to the National Assembly for decision the establishment and abolition of ministries and ministerial-level agencies; the establishment, dissolution, merger, division, and adjustment of administrative boundaries of provinces, centrally-administered cities, and special administrative-economic units; submitting to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly for decision the establishment, dissolution, merger, division, and adjustment of administrative boundaries of administrative units below the provincial and centrally-administered city level;
5. To unify the management of the national administration; to manage cadres, civil servants, and public service in state agencies; to organize inspection, supervision, and handling of complaints and denunciations, and to prevent and combat bureaucracy and corruption in the state apparatus; to lead the work of ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government agencies, and People's Committees at all levels; to guide and supervise People's Councils in implementing documents from higher-level state agencies; and to create conditions for People's Councils to perform their duties and powers as prescribed by law.
6. Protecting the rights and interests of the State and society, human rights, and civil rights; ensuring social order and safety;
7. To organize negotiations and sign international treaties on behalf of the State as authorized by the President; to decide on the signing, accession, ratification, or termination of international treaties. International treaties made in the name of the Government, except for international treaties submitted to the National Assembly for ratification as stipulated in Clause 14, Article 70; protecting the interests of the State, and the legitimate interests of Vietnamese organizations and citizens abroad;
8. Coordinate with the Central Committee The Vietnam Fatherland Front and the central agencies of political and social organizations in the following: to perform their duties and exercise their powers.
b) Term of office:
The term of office of the Government coincides with the term of the National Assembly. When the National Assembly's term ends, the Government continues to perform its duties until the new National Assembly forms a new Government.
c) Members of the Government:
The government consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers, and heads of ministerial-level agencies. The structure and number of government members are decided by the National Assembly.
The Prime Minister is the head of the Government, elected by the National Assembly from among its members, and is accountable to the National Assembly for the Government's activities and assigned tasks; reporting on the Government's and the Prime Minister's work to the National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, and the President.
The Deputy Prime Minister assists the Prime Minister in performing duties as assigned by the Prime Minister. and is accountable to the Prime Minister for the assigned tasks. In the Prime Minister's absence, a Deputy Prime Minister is appointed by the Prime Minister. authorized to act on behalf of the Prime Minister Government leadership.
Ministers and heads of ministerial-level agencies are personally accountable to the Prime Minister, the Government, and the National Assembly for the sectors and fields under their responsibility, and together with other members of the Government, they are collectively accountable for the Government's operations.
4. Supreme People's Court:
Article 104 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates: The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
The Supreme People's Court oversees the adjudication of other courts, except as otherwise provided by law.
The Supreme People's Court conducts a review of judicial practice to ensure the consistent application of law in trials.
According to Article 105 of the 2013 Constitution: The term of office of the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court is the same as the term of office of the National Assembly.
The Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court is responsible for and reports on his work to the National Assembly; during periods when the National Assembly is not in session, he is responsible for and reports on his work to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly and the President.
The appointment, approval, The dismissal, removal from office, and term of office of judges, and the election and term of office of jurors are determined by law.
5. Supreme People's Procuratorate:
Article 107 of the 2013 Constitution stipulates: The People's Procuracy exercises the power of prosecution and supervises judicial activities.
The People's Procuracy comprises the Supreme People's Procuracy and other procuracies as prescribed by law.
The People's Procuracy has the nhiệm vụ (duty/responsibility) to protect the law, protect human rights, protect citizens' rights, and protect the socialist system. Protecting the interests of the State, the legitimate rights and interests of organizations and individuals, and contributing to ensuring that the law is strictly and uniformly enforced.
According to Article 108 of the 2013 Constitution: The term of office of the Chief Procurator of the Supreme People's Procuracy is the same as the term of office of the National Assembly .
The Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme People's Procuracy is responsible for and reports on his work to the National Assembly; during periods when the National Assembly is not in session, he is responsible for and reports on his work to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly and the President.
6. Organizational structure at the local level:
a) Article 110 of the 2013 Constitution, as amended and supplemented by Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15, stipulates:
The administrative units of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are organized into two levels: provinces, centrally-administered cities, and administrative units below the level of provinces and centrally-administered cities as prescribed by law.
Special administrative-economic units are established by the National Assembly.
The establishment, dissolution, merger, division, and adjustment of administrative boundaries of administrative units must involve consultation with the local people and follow the procedures prescribed by the National Assembly.
b) Article 111 of the 2013 Constitution, as amended and supplemented by Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15, stipulates:
Local governments are organized in the administrative units of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Local government levels, comprising the People's Council and the People's Committee, are organized in administrative units in accordance with the characteristics of rural areas, urban areas, and islands as stipulated by the National Assembly.
Local authorities in special administrative-economic zones are determined by the National Assembly upon the establishment of such zones.
III. VIETNAM FATHERLAND FRONT
Article 9 of the 2013 Constitution, as amended and supplemented by Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15, stipulates that the Vietnam Fatherland Front is a political alliance, a voluntary union of political organizations, socio-political organizations, social organizations, and prominent individuals from various social classes, strata, ethnic groups, religions, and Vietnamese people residing abroad.
The Vietnam Fatherland Front is a component of the political system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, led by the Communist Party of Vietnam; it is the political foundation of the people's government; it gathers and promotes the strength of national unity; expresses the will and aspirations of the people and promotes their right to self-governance; represents and protects the legitimate rights and interests of the people; implements democracy and strengthens social consensus; conducts social supervision and criticism; reflects the opinions and recommendations of the people to state agencies; participates in building the Party and the State, engaging in people's diplomacy, and contributing to building and defending the Fatherland.
The Vietnam Fatherland Front, its member organizations, and other social organizations operate within the framework of the Constitution and laws. The State creates conditions for the Vietnam Fatherland Front, its member organizations, and other social organizations to operate.
IV. TRADE UNION
Article 10 of the 2013 Constitution, as amended and supplemented by Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15, stipulates: The Vietnam Trade Union is a socio-political organization of the working class and of laborers; it represents, cares for, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of trade union members and laborers; it is the sole representative of laborers at the national level in labor relations and international trade union relations; it participates in state management and socio-economic management; it participates in inspection, auditing, and supervision of the activities of state agencies, organizations, units, and enterprises on issues related to the rights and obligations of laborers; and it propagates and mobilizes laborers to study, improve their professional skills, abide by the law, and contribute to national construction and defense.
V. OTHER POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Article 9 of the 2013 Constitution, as amended and supplemented by Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15, stipulates that: The Vietnam Trade Union, the Vietnam Farmers' Association, the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, the Vietnam Women's Union, and the Vietnam Veterans' Association are socio-political organizations directly under the Vietnam Fatherland Front, established on a voluntary basis, representing and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of their members; they are organized and operate uniformly within the Vietnam Fatherland Front; and together with other member organizations of the Front, they engage in democratic consultation, coordination, and unified action under the leadership of the Vietnam Fatherland Front.
Source: https://chinhphu.vn/he-thong-chinh-tri-68381
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