Following the flow of history, Quang Binh land has seen more and more individuals emerge in many fields; many famous villages and clans have become reliable supports for dynasties and sometimes for the fate of the nation and homeland...
That was the first laureate of the Quang Binh imperial examinations, Truong Xan, when he was only 29 years old, and in each period, there were people whose names were on the list of Vietnamese imperial examinations. There were nearly 50 people who passed the imperial examinations, including 1 laureate, 27 doctors, 19 deputy laureates, and hundreds of bachelors. In the list of 49 laureates, it was noted that there were many families and clans with many successful people; founding heroes such as Le Thanh Marquis Nguyen Huu Canh, famous writers and scholars such as Huynh Con; powerful families such as successful families such as Tran Dang, Nguyen Huu, Nguyen Duy, Tran Khac...; There are many famous scholars such as Duong Van An, Nguyen Huu Dat, Nguyen Kinh Chi... Talents in literature and military strategy such as Le Sy, Hoang Ke Viem, Le Truc, Nguyen Pham Tuan, Mai Luong... to modern generals such as Hoang Sam, Vo Nguyen Giap... inherited and promoted in the cause of fighting to protect the homeland and the country. Quang Binh is also the great cradle of pioneering writers in many fields, such as Luu Trong Lu, Han Mac Tu, Quach Xuan Ky...
Cultural, patriotic and revolutionary traditions, like a continuous flow throughout the historical process of Quang Binh land, have been further sublimated since the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam .
Van Lang - Au Lac period: Quang Binh belonged to Viet Thuong Department.
According to documents and legends, the country of Van Lang - Au Lac had 15 Lac Viet tribes living, mainly in the midlands and the Red River Delta. The Van Lang state was established on the basis of unifying the Lac Viet tribes due to the need to develop the country and fight against foreign invaders. Among the Lac Viet tribes, the Van Lang tribe was the most powerful and the Van Lang leader played a historical role in founding the Van Lang state. The head of the Van Lang state was called Hung Vuong and the successive kings all bore that title. The territory of the Van Lang state was the present-day North of our country. According to the division of tribes under the Van Lang period, Quang Binh belonged to the Viet Thuong tribe, which originally existed in the area that was once recorded in books as Viet Thuong Thi - an early State administrative organization with an area similar to the geographical coordinates of the present-day North Central region.
According to archaeological research results, the southernmost point discovered relics of Lac Viet bronze culture spread to the Gianh River basin. Therefore, the distribution area of bronze culture in the North, in general, is equivalent to the area of Van Lang country. At that time, Van Lang residents in Quang Binh knew how to inherit and promote the cultural achievements of previous periods to enter the bronze age for the purpose of economic development, mainly farming and animal husbandry. Entering the Dong Son culture period, in Quang Binh, many types of weapons such as arrows, axes, armor blades, bronze daggers were found; many types of household tools such as bronze jars, bronze bowls and bronze drums were found at many different archaeological sites such as Con Nen, Phu Luu, Hoa Hop... The agricultural economy under the bronze age had developed, the spiritual life of the residents was richer. With jewelry of various types, materials, and patterns, it proves that the residents here paid attention to spiritual life, aesthetic tastes, and many other places in Van Lang country shared the same cultural identity of the Hung King era. However, due to special geographical conditions, the residents living in the Viet Thuong land in the South of Van Lang country had their own cultural nuances.
In the territory of Northern Vietnam today, besides the Lac Viet tribes, there are also the Au Viet tribes and many other tribes living together. Van Lang country at the end of the 3rd century BC, the economy was more developed than before, the population was larger and the territory was expanded. That was also the period when the feudalism in the North had a new development step. The Qin Dynasty unified all of China, plotting to expand the war of invasion to the South to implement the ideology of "pacifying the world". In that situation, the isolated existence of each tribe was not enough to cope with foreign invasion. On the basis of economic development and the need to fight against the Northern invasion, as well as the need for water control, the unification of tribes close to each other in terms of area, bloodline and level of economic and cultural development was an inevitable objective need. That was the basis of the unification between the two tribes of Au Viet and Lac Viet leading to the birth of the Au Lac state.
In order to carry out its expansionist and invasive plans, the Qin Dynasty launched many wars to attack the South and occupied some lands of the ethnic groups south of the Yangtze River. However, when they attacked Au Lac, they were bravely fought back by the Au Lac army and people. Tens of thousands of Qin troops were destroyed, and the commander Do Thu was killed. The Au Lac people defended their independence.
Quang Binh during the feudal domination of the North
In 207 BC, Trieu Da, a Qin official, occupied the three districts of Nam Hai, Que Lam and Tuong Lam (China) and established the country of Nam Viet and proclaimed himself king. After establishing the country of Nam Viet, Trieu Da launched many wars to invade the country of Au Lac but failed. Knowing that he could not win militarily, Trieu Da let his son Trong Thuy marry My Chau, daughter of An Duong Vuong and live in Au Lac. During that time, Trong Thuy investigated and learned how to destroy crossbows, a powerful weapon of the Au Lac people, and sent troops to attack. The country of Au Lac fell into the hands of Trieu Da around 179 BC. After conquering Au Lac, Trieu Da annexed it and divided Au Lac into two districts: Giao Chi (North) and Cuu Chan (North Central). Thus, during the reign of Trieu Da, the land of Quang Binh belonged to Cuu Chan district.
During the Han Dynasty and the following Northern feudal dynasties, Quang Binh area belonged to Nhat Nam district.
Nhat Nam district is the land south of Cuu Chan district, and the border of Cuu Chan is Hoanh Son. Therefore, Quang Binh land is located north of Nhat Nam district.
Nhat Nam District stretches to the South and is divided into many districts. Researchers believe that the land of Quang Binh today belongs to Tay Quyen District and Ty Anh District. Tay Quyen District is in the Gianh River basin, Ty Anh District is in the Nhat Le River basin.
At the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 3rd century, the Eastern Han feudal state in China collapsed, the Northern feudal state experienced a "Tan Quoc" situation, the ruling power of our country was in the hands of Shi Xie, then it was dependent on the Wu feudal state. In 280, the Jin dynasty destroyed Wu and temporarily unified China. Under the Jin dynasty, they re-established districts and counties, separated the land of Tay Quyen, added Tho Linh district (in the 10th year of Thai Khang), separated the land of Ty Anh, added Vo Lao district equivalent to the present-day Southern Quang Binh. Thus, under the Jin dynasty, Quang Binh had 4 districts: Tay Quyen, Tho Linh in the North and Ty Anh, Vo Lao in the South. In fact, at this time, the Lam Ap state had been established, since the 9th year of Chinh Thuy of the Wei dynasty (248), the Lam Ap state had gradually advanced to Tho Linh district and used this district as the border. But during the reign of Thai Khang, the Jin dynasty defeated Lam Ap and took back the districts of Nhat Nam. From the Yonghe period onwards, the King of Linyi repeatedly invaded the land of Nhat Nam and demanded to use Hoanh Son as the border, but the Jin Dynasty basically kept the land of Nhat Nam north of Hai Van. However, although the Jin Dynasty established districts and counties in the land from Hai Van to Hoanh Son, they were no longer completely on the land of the districts of the Han Dynasty.
During the period of the Champa kingdom : Quang Binh area had 2 administrative units: Bo Chinh and Dia Ly.
As in the two districts of Giao Chi and Cuu Chan in the North, the people of the tribes in Nhat Nam district in the South were heavily exploited by the Chinese feudal dynasties. After the uprising of the Trung sisters in 40 AD in Giao Chi, the people in Nhat Nam district continuously rose up against the invaders to regain the right to live for their people, the center of the uprisings was Tuong Lam district. The people here were mainly Cham people, who had a tradition of martial arts and indomitable spirit and had repeatedly risen up against the domination of the Southern Han army. In 100 AD, the people here rose up in revolt but failed, the Eastern Han government implemented extremely barbaric repression policies and established a harsh ruling regime. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the people of Tuong Lam under the leadership of Khu Lien rose up, killed the district magistrate and proclaimed themselves kings, establishing the country of Lam Ap. The country of Lam Ap later changed its name to Hoan Vuong in 749 and Champa in 872. Although there were many wars to seize the land of the ancient Nhat Nam district from Hoanh Son to Hai Van between the Chinese feudal dynasties and the kingdom of Lam Ap, but basically the land of Quang Binh after the Han period belonged to the territory of Lam Ap, later Champa. After expanding the border to the North to Nam Hoanh Son, realizing that this was a key area, the headland of the country, the Champa dynasties took care to build a system of fortifications on Quang Binh land that was quite solid. Typically, the Hoan Vuong fort was built from East to West at the foot of Hoanh Son as a fortification to guard the advance route of the Chinese feudal dynasties to the South. In addition, many fortifications were built quite solidly such as Khu Tuc citadel, Ngo citadel, which still has many traces. During the time under Champa, the land of Quang Binh was Chau Bo Chinh and Dia Ly.
Quang Binh belonged to Dai Viet nation under the Ly, Tran, Le dynasties.
Under the Ly dynasty, there were Bo Chinh and Lam Binh districts.
During the 10 centuries under the domination of the Chinese feudal dynasties, the people of the tribes of Au Lac country continued to fight for national independence. After the uprising of the Trung sisters in the 40s of the first century AD, there were the uprisings of Luong Long (178-181), Ba Trieu (248), followed by the uprising of Ly Bi to regain national independence and establish the Van Xuan country (544-589). After that, the Chinese feudal dynasties of Sui and Tang sent troops to invade and re-rule our country. During the three centuries of being under the Tang Dynasty, our people continuously rose up against the domination of the Northern feudalism. The major uprisings during this period include the uprisings of Ly Tu Tien and Dinh Kien (687), the uprisings of Mai Thuc Loan (722), Phung Hung (766-791), and Duong Thanh (819-820). At the end of the 9th century, the Tang Dynasty entered a period of decline, and the feudal groups in the North rose up. Seizing the opportunity, Khuc Thua Du rose up to drive out the invaders, established an independent government, and basically ended the domination of the Northern feudalism. In 938, the Southern Han army invaded our country again. Under the leadership of Ngo Quyen, our army and people defeated the invaders on the Bach Dang River, protecting our complete independence, completely ending 1,000 years of Chinese domination.
The country was independent, after the Dinh Dynasty, the Ly Dynasty ascended the throne, Ly Thai To (Ly Cong Uan) moved the capital to Thang Long, named the country Dai Viet, built a centralized state, built and consolidated the army, cared for economic development, and protected the country's territorial sovereignty. In the North, after the heavy defeat in the first war of invasion of our country under the Tien Le Dynasty, the Song Dynasty still refused to give up its plot to invade our country again. In the South, despite heavy defeats in the attacks on our country, the Champa dynasties still did not give up their plot to expand their influence to the North and conspired with the Song Dynasty to invade the national territory. Faced with that situation, King Ly Thanh Tong decided to send troops to attack Champa to protect the southern border and prevent the invasion of the Song Dynasty in the North. In 1069, Ly Thanh Tong and the vanguard general Ly Thuong Kiet attacked the capital of Champa, captured the Champa King Che Cu and brought him back to Thang Long. To redeem his life, Che Cu offered to surrender the three regions of Bo Chinh, Dia Ly, and Ma Linh (present-day Quang Binh and Quang Tri) to the Ly Dynasty. In 1075, Ly Thuong Kiet ordered the drawing of a map of the three regions of Bo Chinh, Dia Ly, and Ma Linh, changing Dia Ly to Lam Binh, Ma Linh to Minh Linh, and recruiting people to reclaim land and establish settlements.
Thus, under the Ly Dynasty from 1075, the ancient Quang Binh region became an administrative unit of Dai Viet with the names of Chau Bo Chinh and Chau Lam Binh. It can be said that this is an important historical milestone that shaped the residential area of the Vietnamese community in Quang Binh today.
The first residents, following the recruitment of Ly Nhan Tong, came here to reclaim the new land and establish villages. The characteristic of the formation of villages in Quang Binh today is that the southern lands of Chau Lam Binh were reclaimed first because this was a fertile land favorable for land reclamation, agricultural cultivation and due to the requirement of creating a border area in the southern border of Dai Viet. The first residents to reclaim this land were first of all people from nearby localities, mainly in Chau Hoan, Chau Ai (Nghe An, Thanh Hoa today). During those migrations, people often gathered people of the same clan to help and support each other. They traveled together in a group, reclaimed a place, and then established villages. That is why in Quang Binh, village names often carry the name of a clan such as Phan Xa, Ngo Xa, Hoang Xa, Vo Xa... This characteristic has created a strong bond of the community because it is not only an administrative unit but also has the element of bloodline.
After the Ly dynasty fell, the Tran dynasty was established to continue the work of building the country, consolidating the unified nation, expanding the border, protecting territorial sovereignty, the country's territory was expanded to the South, the exploitation of the land of Bo Chinh and Lam Binh was promoted. The Tran dynasty had a number of administrative reforms to consolidate the centralized regime. Administrative units were reorganized to suit the management of the central government. At the beginning of the Tran dynasty, Chau Lam Binh under the Ly dynasty was changed to Lam Binh prefecture. During the reign of Due Tong (1372-1377), Lam Binh prefecture was changed to Tan Binh prefecture, then changed to Tan Binh road. In the 10th year of Quang Thai (1397), Le Quy Ly was the regent, revised the administrative system, changed the roads and prefectures to villages, and Tan Binh town was changed to Tan Binh town. Thus, at the end of the Tran dynasty, the Vietnamese community living in the area belonged to the following administrative units:
Tan Binh town has Thuong Phuc district, Nha Nghi district and Tri Kien district.
Bo Chinh district has Bo Chinh district, Dang Gia district and Tong Chat district.
At the end of the Tran Dynasty, the Ho Dynasty came to power for a short time. After destroying the Ho Dynasty, the Chinese feudal dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, annexed Dai Viet, changed our country to Giao Chi district and made some changes in administrative units. The Ming Dynasty established the districts and prefectures into 15 prefectures and 5 large prefectures, including Tan Binh prefecture, changed Bo Chinh district to Tran Binh district; Thuong Phuc district was changed to Phuc Khang district, Bo Chinh district was changed to Chinh Hoa district, and Dang Gia district was changed to Co Dang district.
According to Minh Chi, during the Vinh Lac period, Tan Binh district had 37 communes with 2,132 households and 4,738 people.
After expelling the Ming army to restore national independence, the reclamation work was accelerated. Under the reign of Le Thanh Tong, there was a policy of recruiting people to reclaim the land of Bo Chinh, the villages in Tan Binh and Bo Chinh developed more. In the 10th year of Quang Thuan, the year of Ky Suu (1469), a map was made of the whole country, Tan Binh prefecture had two districts, Le Thuy and Khang Loc, and two provinces, Minh Linh and Bo Chinh. Le Loi divided the whole country into 5 regions: South, North, East, West and Hai Tay.
Tan Binh town was changed to Tan Binh road of Hai Tay district.
In the 7th year of Quang Thuan (1466), to strengthen unified administrative management, Le Thanh Tong divided the whole country into 12 regions, changed prefectures into roads, and changed towns into districts.
Originally Tan Binh road, during Hoang Dinh dynasty (1600) due to taboo, Le Kinh Tong changed it to Tien Binh.
During this period of history, the country experienced great changes. In the early 16th century, the Le dynasty weakened. In 1527, the feudal group led by Mac Dang Dung won the victory and deposed the Le dynasty and established the Mac dynasty. As soon as the Mac family took power, opposing feudal factions, hiding under the guise of restoring the legitimate dynasty, arose in many places. Finally, a former general of the Le dynasty, Nguyen Kim, tried to gather forces against the Mac, then occupied the Thanh Hoa and Nghe An regions, and established a separate government under the name of the Le Trung Hung dynasty. In 1545, Nguyen Kim died, and power fell into the hands of his son-in-law, Trinh Kiem. The conflict between the feudal factions resulted in the country being divided into two regions. The Mac dynasty ruled the northern region today, called the Northern Dynasty, and the Trinh family held power from the Thanh Hoa region southward, called the Southern Dynasty. The war between the two feudal groups lasted for over half a century. In 1592, the Southern Dynasty defeated the Northern Dynasty and captured Thang Long, but the Mac Dynasty forces still occupied many places, retreating to Cao Bang to defend until the 70s of the 17th century. During this time, the land of Tan Binh still belonged to the Trinh family (Le Trung Hung) and did not change its name, only in 1600 was it changed to Tien Binh. The war between the Southern and Northern Dynasties ended, and a new war between the two feudal groups Trinh - Nguyen took place, lasting longer and even more fiercely.
The name Quang Binh appeared
Nguyen Hoang (1525-1613), after establishing the territory in the South and unifying the administrative units under his authority, renamed the land of Tien Binh prefecture into Quang Binh prefecture. The name Quang Binh officially entered history.
During the Trinh - Nguyen conflict, Bo Chinh district was divided into Bac Bo Chinh and Nam Bo Chinh. Bac Bo Chinh belonged to Nghe An, Nam Bo Chinh belonged to Quang Binh today, with Gianh river as the border.
In the early Gia Long period, after defeating the Tay Son dynasty, in the Central region, the area surrounding the capital, the Nguyen dynasty established four directly controlled dinh: Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Duc and Quang Nam. In the second year of Minh Mang (1821), Quang Binh dinh was changed to Quang Binh town, removing the two words directly controlled. In the 12th year of Minh Mang (1831), Quang Binh town was changed to Quang Binh province. At this time, Quang Binh had a provincial-level administrative system.
Administrative units in Quang Binh during this period had the following changes:
Tien Binh Prefecture, originally Tan Binh, was changed to Tien Binh during the reign of Hoang Dinh (1600); in 1604, Nguyen Hoang changed it to Quang Binh Prefecture; in the 12th year of Minh Mang (1831), it was changed to Quang Ninh.
Khang Loc District: During the early Le Dynasty, it was Kien Loc, later changed to Khang Loc; in the 5th year of Gia Long (1806), it was changed to Phong Loc, and was under the jurisdiction of Quang Binh Prefecture; in the 7th year of Minh Mang, it was under the jurisdiction of Quang Binh Prefecture (later changed to Quang Ninh Prefecture); in the 19th year of Minh Mang, Phong Loc District was separated into Phong Phu District, and then the district chief was removed and the Prefecture was under the jurisdiction. The current area belongs mainly to Quang Ninh District, Quang Binh Province today.
Le Thuy district is mainly located on the right bank of the middle part of Kien Giang river, now also Le Thuy district, Quang Binh province.
Chau Bo Chinh: During the Le Trung Hung period, Chau Bac Bo Chinh belonged to Nghe An, Chau Nam Bo Chinh belonged to Quang Binh; during the Tay Son period, the two Chaus were changed to Chau Thuan Chinh, during the Gia Long period, they were divided into two Chau Bo Chinh Noi and Chau Ngoai, later changed to two districts Bo Trach and Binh Chinh, both under Quang Ninh prefecture; in the 19th year of Minh Mang (1838), the land of the two districts was separated and Minh Chinh district was added to Quang Trach prefecture; in the 28th year of Tu Duc (1874), Tuyen Hoa district was added to Quang Trach prefecture. Chau Bo Chinh is equivalent to the land of Quang Trach, Bo Trach, Tuyen Hoa, and Minh Hoa districts in Quang Binh province today.
During the French colonial period from 1955 to 1945, Quang Binh province basically had the same boundaries and the name of the province was still Quang Binh province.
After the success of the August Revolution in 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam continued to maintain the original boundaries and name of the province as Quang Binh province until 1976.
Since May 1976, Binh Tri Thien province was established on the basis of merging three provinces of Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien - Hue and Vinh Linh area. Quang Binh is no longer a provincial-level administrative unit, the districts in the old Quang Binh province are directly under Binh Tri Thien province.
From July 1989, Binh Tri Thien province was divided into three provinces: Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue. Quang Binh returned to its old boundaries and became an administrative unit directly under the Central Government.
Source: Proceedings of the National Scientific Conference on Quang Binh celebrities
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