'Identity Card' and 'Citizen ID Card'

In the above sentence, "căn cước " means "root, foundation." It's a compound word of Chinese origin, combining the two characters "căn " (根) and "cước" (脚). "Căn" means the root of a tree; foundation, origin… (and other meanings); "cước" means the foot of a person or animal; the small root of a plant (and other meanings).

In Chinese, the compound word "identity" (根脚/跟腳, gēn jiǎo ) refers to the heel; the root of a plant or the foundation of an architectural structure; the basis of a thing; a shoe size that fits (northern Chinese dialect); immediate succession; a servant or helper ("this identity is quite loyal to its master" - National Language Dictionary ). However, in this text, " identity " means "family background, origin, history" ("..., I bit my finger, wrote streaks of blood on the paper, detailing the names of my parents and the origin of my identity" - Appendix Chapter 8 of Journey to the West ).

In Vietnam, the term "Identity Card" appeared during the French colonial period, translated from the French word "Carte d'identité ." For example, Tran Thuc Linh's book "Abridged Legal Terminology " (1965) states: "Identité (carte d'): identity card. Decree of November 9, 1918, established the identity card" (p. 561). On September 6, 1946, the President of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam issued a decree using the Citizen Card instead of the Identity Card . From 1957, the Citizen Card was replaced by the Citizen Identification Card (also known as the identity card or identification document ). From 2016, the Citizen Identification Card was replaced by the Citizen Identity Card . On November 27, 2023, the National Assembly passed the Law on Identity Cards, renaming the Citizen Identity Card to the Identity Card (effective from July 1, 2024).

In South Vietnam, the term "Identity Card" was used until April 1975. Although it is a Sino-Vietnamese term, " Identity Card" is not a translation of the corresponding Chinese term, "Identity Certificate" (身分證, Shēnfèn zhèng). The prototype of the Identity Certificate appeared in China during the Tang Dynasty, issued by the imperial court under the name "Fish Seal" (魚符), used to grant officials. The Fish Seal was a wooden or metal object, shaped like a fish, divided into two halves, left and right, with small holes drilled in them for fastening, engraved with the official's name, workplace, and rank. By the Ming Dynasty, Identity Certificates were used for all classes of people, called "Ya Card" (牙牌). Today, most modern Identity Certificates in China are high-tech smart cards that can be scanned and read by computers.

The Japanese also use the term Identity Document (身分證, みぶん しょう), but they often use the phrase Identity Document (身分証明書, みぶんしょうめいしょ) or the abbreviation ID (English: identity document) - commonly referred to as "personal identification document".

Currently, many countries around the world use different types of identification documents. Some countries do not have identity cards; instead, they use passports, social security cards, bank-issued identification cards, or driver's licenses, etc.

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