The international rear area in the resistance war against the US, for national salvation.

That struggle garnered strong sympathy and support from revolutionary and progressive forces around the world . Leveraging the solidarity and support of the international community was one of the decisive factors in the victory of the Vietnamese people.

Vietnam received sympathy and support from countries within the socialist system for its just stance against the unjust war of aggression waged by the US imperialists. Numerous rallies, demonstrations, and volunteer movements to go to Vietnam expanded to many countries. Youth, women's, and children's organizations organized many fundraising campaigns to support the Vietnamese people. Many agencies and organizations collected signatures and petitions protesting the US imperialist war of aggression.

Vietnam received immense assistance from the Soviet Union, China, and other socialist countries in terms of material aid, advisors, and technical experts. The Soviet Union provided modern weapons and war equipment such as aircraft, tanks, armored vehicles, missiles, and artillery. China provided infantry weapons, military uniforms and supplies, food, medicine, some fuel, transportation vehicles, and some military vehicles, artillery, and ammunition.

In April 1965, the first delegation of Soviet military experts arrived in Vietnam with the task of quickly training and deploying two air defense regiments of the Vietnam People's Army. From April 1965 to May 1966, 2,266 Soviet air defense experts arrived in Vietnam, providing on-site training for 10 air defense missile regiments, 3 radio engineering regiments, and 2 fighter aircraft regiments. Vietnam's air defense forces were equipped with many modern weapons by the Soviet Union. From July 1965, the SA-75 Dvina (SAM) high-altitude surface-to-air missile system was present in Vietnam.

China provided Vietnam with non-refundable aid in the form of equipment for the production and repair of military engineering workshops and provincial-level military ordnance stations; it also allowed the transit of a large quantity of Soviet military supplies across the Sino-Soviet border and transported them by rail through Chinese territory into Vietnam.

China also helped upgrade, repair, expand, and protect land transportation routes in border provinces adjacent to China, in order to increase the capacity for transporting materials and the mobility of combat forces and war vehicles during operations; helped Vietnam build oil and gas storage facilities in Dong Dang ( Lang Son ) and Quang Ninh, and provided Vietnam with hundreds of kilometers of mobile oil and gas pipelines, along with some specialized machinery.

From March 1968 to early 1975, the Vietnamese fuel supply troops built a fuel pipeline system nearly 5,000 km long from Dong Dang (Lang Son) to Bu Gia Map..., of which more than 500 km of pipeline were provided by China, and the remaining nearly 4,500 km were field pipelines from the Soviet Union.

During the bombing campaign against North Vietnam, the Hanoi-Friendship Pass railway was a vital artery for transporting international aid, replacing the heavily blockaded Hai Phong port. Every day, military trains carrying 1,000 tons of goods from socialist countries crossed the Chinese border into inland Vietnam.

Many countries were ready to send volunteers to help Vietnam fight the Americans. Hungary had a blood donation movement for Vietnam, volunteered to fight in Vietnam, and donated to support Vietnam.

In 1965, Bulgaria held 245 mass rallies in support of Vietnam, some with up to 10,000 participants; the "Three Continents Week in Support of Vietnam" organization declared its readiness to send volunteer troops to Vietnam if requested.

In early 1966, Cuban President Fidel Castro declared: "For Vietnam, Cuba is ready to shed even its own blood." In August 1966, Cuba sent a military delegation including air force, missile, anti-aircraft, artillery, and medical personnel to Vietnam... Cuba enthusiastically helped Vietnam with equipment for road construction.

North Korea sent a number of pilots to Vietnam to assist in training and directly participate with Vietnamese People's Army pilots in combat operations to protect the northern rear. Vietnam received valuable logistical and technical aid from countries such as Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and the German Democratic Republic.

During the war of resistance against the US, the total amount of international aid to the Vietnamese army and people was estimated at approximately 2,362,682 tons, worth about 7 billion rubles.

Along with Vietnam, the people of neighboring Laos and Cambodia united, helped, and supported each other in the fight against the aggression of the US imperialists. When the US imperialists expanded their attacks from 1965, Laotian troops and guerrillas closely coordinated with Vietnamese troops to repel enemy aircraft and prevent incursions and raids.

People from 17 districts in 7 provinces of Laos left their homes and farms to live in the deep forests; they contributed millions of man-days of labor, working alongside the Vietnamese army and youth volunteer forces to build and repair roads, transport food, and care for the wounded and sick, contributing to the operation of the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Vietnam received assistance from the Cambodian government under King Norodom Sihanouk, which allowed it to receive and transport aid, especially weapons, through Sihanoukville port, then stockpile them at the border before transferring them into Vietnam.

The global people's movement against the American war in Vietnam became a powerful political force, increasingly influencing the policies and hawkish attitudes of many governments around the world regarding the Vietnam War.

Around the world, numerous delegations from countries, parties, and progressive organizations from Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas came directly to Vietnam to express solidarity, support, and assistance. Vietnam received immense sympathy, support, and assistance from the global peace and democracy movement, political and social organizations, and many intellectuals, parliamentarians, writers, and journalists for its just struggle.

The Conference on Solidarity of the Peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America (January 1966) in Cuba marked the de facto formation of the Tri-Continental People's Front, uniting the peoples of the three continents with the Vietnamese people against imperialism. In Northern Europe, the NLF movement was formed. The NLF was a mass organization supporting the struggle of the Vietnamese people. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland all had NLF organizations.

On August 10, 1972, the Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned Movement, comprising 59 countries, met in Georgetown (Guyana) and recognized the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam as a full member. They also adopted a resolution on Indochina, affirming their full support for the heroic and just struggle of the people of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos for independence and freedom.

The global people's movement against American imperialism and the anti-war movement in the United States severely impacted the policies of the Richard Nixon administration. The American student movement ignited the struggle of the American people. This struggle spread to the ranks of American soldiers: protests against going to Vietnam, demands for demobilization, letters sent home denouncing the crimes committed by American soldiers against the Vietnamese people, and a highly aggressive form of protest involving the burning of draft cards.

Jane Fonda, the famous American film actress, visited Vietnam. Reverend Martin Luther King and Dr. Benjamin Spock led a 100,000-strong anti-war protest in New York... The self-immolations of anti-war Americans such as Norman Morrison and Roger Allen LaPorte deeply shocked American society and moved progressive humanity.

1972 was a year of heightened protest, causing a crisis within the United States. 30,000 people in New York demonstrated, chanting, "Withdraw now! Get out of Vietnam!" The anti-war and anti-American government movements among various segments of American society, including members of Congress and American veterans, intensified. American society was deeply divided: conflicts and disagreements over the handling of the war arose between the executive (government) and legislative (Congress); between the president and ministers; between the US government and the South Vietnamese government; and between the Pentagon and the US military command in South Vietnam.

In world history, no national struggle has received such widespread and strong support from the people of its adversary as the Vietnamese people's resistance war against the United States. President Ho Chi Minh called it "Vietnam, the number one front against American imperialism. The number two front is right here in America." Never before in the world has there been such a widespread, long-lasting, and effective movement, both materially and spiritually, to support the cause of a small nation against a superpower.

For the first time in the world, an international court like the Bertrand Russell International Tribunal was established to try a nation for war crimes committed by the United States in Vietnam.

The Vietnamese people's struggle for independence and peace was entirely just and received the support of the people of peace-loving, progressive, and democratic countries. The international rear area during the resistance war against the US and for national salvation spurred Vietnam's national liberation struggle. The solidarity and support of the international community played a crucial role in the victory of the Vietnamese people.

Associate Professor, Dr. Trinh Thi Hong Hanh

Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics

Nhandan.vn

Source: https://nhandan.vn/hau-phuong-quoc-te-trong-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-my-cuu-nuoc-post871545.html