Discussing the development of cultural industries in Vietnam

(NADS) - Cultural industry is considered a breakthrough in the strategy of cultural development and human development of Vietnam, helping us promote cultural values ​​and the strength of Vietnamese people, in order to realize the aspiration of bringing prosperity and happiness to the Vietnamese people, making culture truly the spiritual foundation of society, fulfilling its mission of "lighting the way for the nation".

Xoe festival in Muong Lo, Nghia Lo, Yen Bai .

To continue building, preserving, reviving and developing Vietnamese culture, speaking at the National Cultural Conference on November 24, 2021 in Hanoi , General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong requested to focus on implementing 6 key tasks well, including the task of "building a digital cultural environment suitable for the digital economy , digital society and digital citizens, making culture adaptable, regulating the sustainable development of the country in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. Urgently develop cultural industries, build a healthy cultural market ". ( 1)

“Cultural industry” is a term used for industries that combine the creation, production and commercialization of creative content. These contents are essentially intangible cultural, protected by copyright law and expressed in the form of products or services. This term originates from new concepts such as creative industries, cultural industries, start-ups. Economist John Howkins (UK) initiated the concept of creative economy as a suggestion for using creative potential to create new products and services.

Three gates of Kim Lien Pagoda (Hanoi).

Trung Van village festival (Hanoi).

Cultural industries clearly show the trend of economic and cultural penetration, permeation and integration, a combination of key factors such as creativity, infrastructure and modern production technology. From there, cultural products that bring economic benefits can be produced. Cultural industries are the application of technological advances - information and business skills, using input materials such as creative capacity, cultural capital, intellectual capital, to create outputs of cultural products and services, meeting the increasingly strong and diverse needs of consumption and cultural enjoyment of the people.

Generally speaking, cultural industry is the process of applying scientific and technological achievements along with business skills, using creative capacity from cultural capital to create cultural products and services, meeting people's consumption and cultural enjoyment needs (2).

In 2005, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. This Convention identifies countries as having sovereign rights over culture and encourages countries to develop policies and legal systems to protect and promote their cultural values. The Convention emphasizes the task of developing cultural industries as a tool to protect and promote diverse cultural expressions. This spirit has been responded to by member countries, and has created a movement to build cultural policies and laws, with special emphasis on policies related to development.

The term cultural industry appeared in the world since the 30s of the 20th century, but it was not until the 2000s that the concept of cultural industries was mentioned more and became one of the development focuses of many countries in the world. Up to now, the cultural industry is no longer strange to some countries, it has become an important part of the economy and has made great contributions to the overall growth of the country. In many countries, the cultural industry has become a major income industry and exported to other countries to earn foreign currency. In developed countries, the cultural industry has brought in a large source of revenue for the gross domestic product (GDP). For example, in the UK, the cultural industry has generated an income of about 112.5 billion pounds/year, contributing 5% of GDP, accounting for 10-15% of the world's cultural industry market share. In Hong Kong (China), 85% of national income comes from entertainment, television and advertising services. In Japan, a country with a large cultural industry, typically writing stories, publishing stories, making souvenirs from these stories, making anime, and making games from these works... their average revenue has reached 2 billion USD/year. In Korea, a country that is not inferior to Japan, music groups and movies are all brought to the world by the media... Therefore, these works are very popular in the world.

Yen Phu village gate (Hanoi).

The products and services of each cultural industry have their own characteristics, but basically, cultural industries have the following main operating processes: creation, production, distribution of services and consumption of cultural products.

Our Party's viewpoint on developing cultural industry was formed in 1986, through documents of Party Congresses, documents of Central Executive Committee Conferences and was specifically affirmed in Resolution 05/NQ-TW of the 8th Central Committee on building an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity. Resolution No. 33-NQ/TW dated June 9, 2014 of the 9th Conference of the 11th Party Central Committee on building and developing Vietnamese culture and people to meet the requirements of sustainable national development, the Resolution determined: “Developing cultural industries to exploit and promote the potentials and unique values ​​of Vietnamese culture; encouraging the export of cultural products, contributing to promoting Vietnamese culture to the world. Having mechanisms to encourage investment in facilities, technical equipment and advanced technology to improve the quality of cultural products. Creating favorable conditions for cultural, artistic, sports and tourism enterprises to attract social resources for development. Innovating and perfecting institutions, creating a favorable legal environment for building and developing the cultural market and cultural industry ” (3). It can be said that Resolution No. 33-NQ/TW dated June 9, 2014 of the 9th Conference of the 11th Party Central Committee demonstrated the development of the Party's theoretical thinking on the role of culture when affirming the necessity of building a cultural industry in Vietnam.

Decision No. 1755/QD-TTg, dated September 8, 2016 on the "Strategy for the development of cultural industries to 2020, vision to 2030" of the Government affirmed that cultural industries are an important component of the national economy. The State creates favorable conditions to attract maximum resources from enterprises and society to develop cultural industries. Specifying 12 fields: Advertising; Architecture; Software and entertainment games; Handicrafts; Design; Cinema; Publishing; Fashion; Performing arts; Fine arts, Photography and Exhibitions; Cultural tourism are industries in the field of cultural industries.

The strategy for developing cultural industries to 2020, vision 2030" has highlighted four development perspectives: First , Cultural industries are an important component of the national economy. The State creates favorable conditions to attract maximum resources from businesses and society to develop cultural industries; Second, Developing cultural industries based on creativity, science and technology and intellectual property; maximizing the economic factors of cultural values; Third , Developing cultural industries with focus, key points, and a roadmap towards professionalism and modernity, promoting Vietnam's advantages, in accordance with the basic rules of the market economy; placed in the overall socio-economic development, ensuring unity and synchronization between industries, stages of creation, production, distribution, dissemination and consumption; Fourth , Developing cultural industries associated with promotion promote the image of the country and people of Vietnam, contributing to protecting and promoting national cultural identity in the process of international exchange, integration and cooperation.

The Resolution of the 13th National Congress of the Party emphasized: " Urgently deploy focused development of the cultural industry and cultural services on the basis of identifying and promoting the soft power of Vietnamese culture, effectively applying new values ​​and achievements of culture, science, technology and technology of the world" (4). In particular, the speech of General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong at the National Cultural Conference on November 24, 2021 really opened up the development of a new industry, the cultural industry in our country.

In Vietnam, cultural industry is considered a breakthrough in cultural development, in developing Vietnamese people, helping us promote cultural values ​​and the strength of Vietnamese people to realize the aspiration to develop a prosperous and happy Vietnam, so that culture is truly the spiritual foundation of society, "culture lights the way for the nation" (5). In the current innovation process, especially in the context of the fourth industrial revolution (4.0), it entails and forces the Vietnamese economy to develop according to the trend of the times, which is international integration, gradually forming a knowledge-based economy. This is an irreversible trend, requiring us to recognize and have appropriate policies, good organization, and compliance with the law to promote economic development, in which, we need to pay special attention to policies to promote cultural industries. Considering this as a creative factor - the greatest resource for national development, is a major trend that is completely consistent with the development of the world economy. Creative economic sectors and cultural industries have become the driving force for world economic development. When culture is concerned, cultural creation will have higher value. When cultural works have high value, they will promote the development of cultural industries, become the spearhead of the national economy, and promote GDP growth.

Culture is the spiritual foundation of society, so the cultural industry has the ability to strongly influence the thoughts, emotions, ethics and lifestyles of consumers. The cultural industry plays an important role in meeting the needs of the people and developing the culture of each country; at the same time, it is also an effective channel to spread the cultural messages of each country to the international community. The Resolution of the 9th Conference (11th Party Central Committee) has identified the task of developing the cultural industry in parallel with building and perfecting the cultural market. The Resolution of the 12th National Congress once again emphasized this important task, considering it an extremely important issue and identified as one of the breakthroughs in building and developing Vietnamese culture and people to meet the requirements of sustainable national development.

Compared to other countries, the development of cultural industry in Vietnam is still new, but we have many potentials and advantages to develop cultural industries. Cultural industries include fields that use creative talent, cultural potential combined with technology and business skills to create cultural products and services. That means, to form a cultural industry, we must have a synchronous and professional connection between creative components, exploiting the cultural values ​​of the nation, combined with the use of advanced technology and business skills.

Our advantage is that the Vietnamese people are always industrious, creative and talented, which has been proven in many fields. With a long history, through thousands of years of struggle to build and defend the country of the Vietnamese people, in that process, our country has created a huge treasure of relics, rituals, festivals, folk games, traditional crafts, folk songs, folk dances, cuisine, customs, legends, heroic images... besides, it also possesses countless typical intangible cultural heritages (quan ho, ca tru, hat xoan, cai luong, tuong, cheo, vi giam...). Along with that is the community of 54 ethnic groups living on the S-shaped strip of land, each with its own identity, solidarity, creativity, which have blended and created a diverse and rich Vietnamese culture. All can become great materials for creativity, creating cultural and artistic products that both honor national culture and create differences and unique values ​​for cultural and artistic products. In the localities of Vietnam, there are lands rich in cultural resources. Each region has its own identity and historical story. The problem is how to turn those cultural assets into cultural products, tourism products to attract tourists and bring economic value. From these potentials and advantages, if we know how to take advantage of the development of science and technology, especially the 4.0 industrial revolution, Vietnam will certainly successfully build cultural industries.

Developing cultural industries will help Vietnam restructure its growth model, create highly competitive cultural products and services, create more stable jobs, and make positive contributions to the economy. This is also a strategy to build an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity in the context of transition to a socialist-oriented market economy. The abundance of Vietnamese cultural goods and services in the domestic and international markets is the country's important cultural soft power, making culture permeate people's lives, as well as bringing Vietnamese culture to the world, promoting internal strength and promoting the country. In the era of knowledge economy and information technology, cultural industries have the ability to turn culture into an important part of international trade and competition, helping Vietnam build a creative, prosperous, confident and unique economy. Therefore, it is time for Vietnam to join the trend of the times, rising to take the position of a country with developed cultural industries.

In practice, in our country, a number of markets for cultural products and services have long been formed such as: cinema, performing arts, books, paintings, handicrafts... Along with the domestic market, the market share of Vietnam's cultural goods exported to the world has also achieved good results with many quality products. It is undeniable that there are development marks of a number of markets for cultural industrial products and services, but it is also necessary to acknowledge the fact that Vietnam's cultural industrial products are not diverse, not rich, not attractive, lacking in uniqueness, so they have not met the increasingly high tastes and aesthetics of domestic and foreign consumers. In addition, many products have not optimally exploited the uniqueness of local culture, it is difficult to shape the national brand, so their competitiveness is not high, and they face many obstacles when accessing international markets. Although we have had certain efforts and successes, we have not yet met the expectations of those who love art and culture, as well as the desire to exploit cultural values ​​for sustainable development.

In recent years, especially since the Government's Decision No. 1755/QD-TTg dated September 8, 2016 on "Strategy for development of cultural industries to 2020, vision 2030", along with positive changes in policy mechanisms, has contributed to promoting the Vietnamese cultural industry market to make new strides, contributing positively to the country's GDP growth. According to the report of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, after 5 years of implementing the "Strategy for development of cultural industries to 2020, vision 2030", 12 cultural industries have achieved certain achievements. As of 2018, 12 cultural industries have contributed to the revenue of about 8.081 billion USD, equivalent to 3.61% of GDP. Developing cultural industries is becoming a trend and is identified as an important, sustainable part, attracting resources, labor, jobs, promoting competitive advantages. Synthesizing data from the General Statistics Office, the 2016-2019 Periodic Report of the UNESCO Convention and the Vietnam National Institute of Culture and Arts, some results of developing Vietnam's cultural industries are as follows: Annual GDP growth rate reached an average of 6.81% from 2016 to 2019. GDP per capita: 2,786 USD, belonging to the low-income group; GDP contribution of cultural industries: 2.44% of GDP (2010); 3.5% of GDP (2015); 3.61% of GDP (2018) (equivalent to 8,081 billion USD) Percentage of workers working in the cultural sector: 1.72% (2009); 3.45% (2015); 3.5% (2018); 5.0% (2019); Number of cultural enterprises in 2019 is 97,167 enterprises; Non-public cultural and creative spaces: 40 spaces (2017); 195 spaces (2021); The whole country currently has: 115 public cultural and artistic units (12 at the central level and 103 at the local level); 108 training establishments participating in cultural and artistic training; Export of cultural products: 2019: 2,494,075,077.00 (USD; Annual growth rate of import and export of creative goods 2003-2015: 17.9%; Export value of creative goods in Vietnam: 2015: 837,014.65 million USD.

On December 22, 2023, at the National Conference on the Development of Vietnam's Cultural Industries, the Prime Minister concluded 6 issues: First , there has been a general consensus in the Party's guidelines and policies, the State's policies and laws, expressed through resolutions, strategies, and directive documents, thereby raising the general awareness in society about the development of cultural industries. Second, mechanisms, policies and laws related to cultural industries have been supplemented and improved in accordance with the new situation and context. From 2018 to present, the Government has submitted to the National Assembly for approval the amendment and supplementation of 4 laws (Law on Cinema (2022); Law on amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Law on Intellectual Property (2022); Law on amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Law on Construction (2020); Law on Architecture (2019) and issued 4 decrees related to cultural industry (Decree No. 17/2023/ND-CP dated April 26, 2023 detailing a number of articles and measures to implement the Law on Intellectual Property; Decree No. 70/2021/ND-CP dated July 20, 2021 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Advertising; Decree No. 144/2020/ND-CP dated December 14, 2020 regulating performing arts activities; Decree No. 23/2019/ND-CP dated February 26, 2019 regulations on exhibition activities). The cultural development strategy to 2030 has set a target of striving for the added value of cultural industries to contribute 7% of GDP. Third, the cultural industry actively contributes to the country's overall socio-economic development achievements. The contribution of cultural industry in 2021 reached 3.92% of GDP; in 2022 it increased to 4.04% of GDP. Cultural industry products in various fields (music, painting, literature, theater, cinema, etc.) are increasingly diverse and rich, meeting the public's needs better and better, many of which are of high value, creating a resonance domestically and internationally. Many cultural heritages are effectively exploited; many Vietnamese singers have achieved hundreds of millions of views on YouTube or are loved on other digital platforms at home and abroad. Fourth, more and more businesses and workers are participating in the development of cultural industry. cultural industry. In the period of 2018 - 2022, the number of economic establishments operating in cultural industries increased quite high, at 7.2%/year (currently there are over 70,000 economic establishments). The labor force in cultural industries increased quite rapidly at 7.4%/year (currently attracting about 2.3 million workers, accounting for 4.42% of the total labor force of the entire economy). Fifth, the model of organizing human resource training for the development of cultural industries has been gradually perfected in a suitable, professional, and systematic direction, especially for young talents in the field of culture and arts. Sixth, building a network of connections, promoting the application of science and technology, and digital transformation in the cultural industry has been focused on, achieving initial results. The network of connections, connecting cultural centers and creative spaces in the country and internationally has gradually been completed. The database of cultural and historical relics, theaters, centers Performing arts centers, film screenings, and museums are being built vigorously, creating an important foundation for building a comprehensive database on cultural tourism in particular and the cultural industry in general.

However, the cultural industry has not yet developed commensurate with the country's distinct potential, outstanding opportunities, and competitive advantages. In the coming time, to promote and develop the cultural industry, the Prime Minister also requested to focus on 6 issues: First , the development of the cultural industry must closely follow the Party's guidelines and policies and the State's policies and laws on culture, especially the Platform for national construction in the transitional period, thematic resolutions, the Resolutions of the 12th and 13th National Congresses of the Party, the Outline of Vietnamese culture (1943), and the speech of General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong at the National Cultural Conference. Second , the development of the cultural industry must make an important contribution to building an advanced Vietnamese culture, imbued with national identity, unified in diversity; must be placed in the overall socio-economic development, connecting creative, cultural and artistic activities with production and business, ensuring unity, synchronization and harmony, based on innovation, science and technology and protection of intellectual property rights. Cultural industries must have equal access to capital, land, taxes and other incentives with other industries. Third , develop cultural industries with a focus and key points in a professional, modern, dynamic, creative and highly competitive direction, while diversifying and linking multiple sectors and fields; in accordance with the basic rules of the market economy and the trends of the times. Fourth, developing cultural industries must be associated with promoting and spreading the image of the country and Vietnamese people, contributing to preserving and promoting national cultural identity in the process of international exchange and integration, meeting the goal of sustainable national development. Cultural development must be associated with tourism development. Fifth , cultural industrial products and services must ensure that they meet the factors of "Creativity - Identity - Uniqueness - Professionalism - Healthiness - Competitiveness - Sustainability", on the basis of "Nationality - Science - Mass" according to the Vietnamese Culture Outline (1943), gradually building a brand for products and services of national stature, participating in the global value chain. Sixth , the implementation of tasks and solutions must be synchronous, drastic, persistent, focused, and key, focusing on breakthrough policies to transform "potential" cultural resources into highly competitive cultural products and services.

Chỉ đạo các nhiệm vụ, giải pháp trọng tâm thời gian tới, Thủ tướng yêu cầu các cấp, các ngành, địa phương, cơ quan, tổ chức cần quyết tâm cao hơn, nỗ lực lớn hơn, hành động quyết liệt, hiệu quả hơn, có trọng tâm, trọng điểm hơn nữa; chủ động, phối hợp chặt chẽ, tập trung thực hiện các nhiệm vụ, giải pháp nhằm phát triển mạnh mẽ các ngành công nghiệp văn hóa, khuyến khích mọi sự tìm tòi, sáng tạo, tôn trọng tự do sáng tạo; chú trọng những ngành có nhiều tiềm năng, lợi thế (như điện ảnh, nghệ thuật biểu diễn, du lịch văn hóa, thủ công mỹ nghệ, thiết kế, phần mềm và các trò chơi giải trí), để đến năm 2030 giá trị gia tăng của các ngành công nghiệp văn hóa đóng góp cao vào GDP.

Việc phát triển ngành công nghiệp văn hóa thành mũi nhọn trong nền kinh tế đất nước là một nhận thức hoàn toàn đúng đắn của Đảng ta và được thể hiện cụ thể trong các văn kiện Đại hội Đảng và các nghị quyết chuyên đề. Sự chỉ đạo của Chính phủ hết sức quyết liệt và hoàn toàn đúng hướng. Tiềm năng lợi thế nhiều nhưng trong quá trình vận động và phát triển ngành công nghiệp văn hóa đang gặp phải nhiều khó khăn, thử thách. Khó khăn đầu tiên phải nói đến nhận thức, quan niệm của xã hội trong đó có những người hoạt động trong lĩnh vực văn hóa. Nhiều người quan niệm văn hóa chỉ là các hoạt động nghệ thuật biểu diễn, đơn giản chỉ là văn nghệ, mà chưa nhận thức đầy đủ văn hóa là tổng thể các vấn đề xã hội. Đặc biệt là tiếp cận về Công nghiệp văn hóa ít, chưa nhận thức được vị trí, vai trò của công nghiệp văn hóa với sự phát triển đất nước; Ngành văn hóa cũng như cả nước đã qua một thời gian dài bao cấp, cho nên từ các tổ chức và cơ quan nhà nước cũng như cá nhân nghệ sĩ thiếu năng động, dửng dưng với nền kinh tế thị trường Chính vì vậy, để phát triển các ngành công nghiệp văn hóa, các tổ chức và cơ quan nhà nước cần phải có sự đổi mới toàn diện hơn để có một cách tiếp cận tích cực với thị trường, theo đúng tinh thần của Chính phủ mới hướng đến kiến tạo, khởi nghiệp, tạo điều kiện cho doanh nghiệp phát triển; Sự thiếu hụt giáo dục kỹ năng sáng tạo và khởi nghiệp là thách thức lớn khác đối với sự phát triển các ngành công nghiệp văn hóa ở Việt Nam. Đất nước chúng ta có nhiều tài năng trong nhiều lĩnh vực công nghiệp văn hóa, nhưng lại thiếu hụt các điều kiện để tài năng phát triển, yếu về cách thức tiếp cận thị trường, hạn chế lớn trong việc cạnh tranh thương mại; Thiếu sự liên kết giữa các ngành công nghiệp văn hóa. Thiếu các cơ chế thích hợp cho sự thành công của công nghiệp văn hóa.

Để các ngành công nghiệp văn hóa của Việt Nam phát triển đạt mục tiêu đề ra trong Chiến lược đến năm 2030 đóng góp 7% GDP, trong thời gian tới cần phải quan tâm thực hiện những điểm sau: Thứ nhất , tiếp tục hoàn thiện thể chế công nghiệp văn hóa trong nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa. Trong đó, tập trung vào hoàn thiện chính sách thúc đẩy sự phát triển và khai thác có hiệu quả tài nguyên văn hóa Việt Nam (tài nguyên văn hóa được thể hiện ở các lĩnh vực như nghệ thuật, thiết kế, giải trí, tài sản văn hóa, lối sống (ăn,ở, mặc,..); chính sách đào tạo và thu hút nhân tài; chính sách hợp tác công – tư. Thứ hai, lựa chọn phát triển những ngành có tính chất tập trung lao động dựa trên cơ sở tri thức, tạo ra việc làm và nguồn thu nhập cao. Thứ ba , phát triển thị trường công nghiệp văn hóa, thúc đẩy tính liên ngành; mở rộng giao lưu hợp tác quốc tế nhằm tiếp cận những thành tựu phát triển của thế giới. Thứ tư , phát huy tối đa lợi thế của cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ 4 để phát triển hạ tầng công nghiệp văn hóa, gia tăng khả năng tiếp cận của đại chúng, thúc đẩy sản xuất và tiêu dùng. Thứ năm , tập trung nguồn lực đầu tư một số trung tâm công nghiệp sáng tạo của Việt Nam, có chính sách riêng đối với những trung tâm này nhằm thu hút các tài năng sáng tạo công nghiệp văn hóa và thuận lợi hơn trong công tác quản lý.

Là một nghệ sĩ hoạt động trong lĩnh vực nghệ thuật, bản thân tôi rất phấn khích, tin tưởng tuyệt đối vào sự lãnh đạo của Đảng. Có quan điểm, có đường lối đúng đắn của Đảng cùng vợ sự quản lý chặt chẽ của Nhà nước, chắc chắn ngành công nghiệp văn hóa sẽ phát triển, sẽ là mũi nhọn trong mền kinh tế quốc dân./.

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