If it accumulates enough mass, a celestial body will attract matter toward its center by gravity and arrange the matter until it forms a sphere.
Many planets in the universe are spherical in shape. Photo: Ron Miller/Stocktrek Images
Thanks to telescopes on Earth and in space, astronomers can peer into the far reaches of the universe. No matter how remote or exotic these regions are, one thing seems to be consistent: there are a lot of spherical objects.
"It's interesting that so many things in space that humans know are spherical," Live Science on November 13 quoted Anjali Tripathi, an astrophysicist in NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program, working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California.
The rounding effect stems from “self-gravity,” the gravitational force that an object—in this case, a celestial body—exerts on itself. When a planet, or moon, accumulates enough mass, its self-gravity “moldes” it into a spherical shape.
The objects in the universe formed after the Big Bang, about 13.8 billion years ago. Tiny dust particles traveling in giant, doughnut-shaped clouds began colliding with one another. If the collision was light enough, the dust particles would merge, according to NASA. These successive collisions created a snowball effect: As a planet formed, its gravity increased and it attracted more and more matter.
"Gravity pulls all matter towards the centre of gravity. Like a kitchen sink, all the water will flow down the hole at the bottom. In the case of planets, every piece of matter tries to get as close to the centre of gravity as possible," explains astronomer Bruno Merin, head of the European Space Agency's ESAC Science Data Centre.
Planets will continue to move matter around until they find a state of equilibrium, a state where everything is as close to the center as possible. The only shape that achieves such an equilibrium in space is a sphere, Merin said.
Mercury and Venus are nearly perfect spheres because they are slow-rotating rocky planets. Ice planets also tend to be nearly perfect circles because their ice is so evenly distributed, Merin said.
Not all planets are perfect spheres, however. The two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, bulge at their equators because of their rapid rotations. NASA describes Saturn as looking like a basketball being sat on. Earth also bulges slightly, less than 1%, because of centrifugal force—the outward force exerted by a rotating object. As a result, Earth has a slightly flattened sphere shape.
Space is full of spheres, but some objects are not round at all. Asteroids and comets can take on any shape as they collide and spin through interstellar space. Mars has a potato-shaped moon called Phobos. In fact, only about 20 of the nearly 300 known moons in the solar system are spherical; the rest are more irregular. Tripathi says that’s because their small masses don’t have enough gravity to create a perfectly round shape.
Thu Thao (According to Live Science )
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